Memory Management Essay Example for Free

Memory Management Essay The difference between Windows and Linux memory management starts with understanding the requirements of memory management in today’s multiprogramming systems. Memory management requirements are relocation, protection, sharing, local organization, and physical organization. These requirements play a vital role in the processing speed response when using the computer. Windows and Linux have several similarities in regards to memory management but also differ especially with Windows being a sophisticate system and Linux being open sourced. â€Å"Linux shares UNIX characteristics but has its own features and is very complex† (Stallings, 2012, p. 384). Linux virtual memory uses a three- level page structure. The first part is the page structure which is an active process having the size of one page. The entry goes to the page directory and the page directory must be in the main memory to be active. Next is the page middle directory which can span multiple pages. Each entry will point to one page of the table. Last is the page table and refers to one virtual page of the process. A virtual address is used consisting of four fields which are the index into the page directory, index into the page middle directory, index into the page table, and the offset in the selected page of memory. The table structure was designed for 64-bit Alpha processor and is independent. Linux uses the buddy system for efficiency of reading in and writing out pages to and from memory. The buddy system splits and merges pages which are allocated and deallocated in the main memory. The page replacement algorithm in Linux deals with a simple clock which gives each page an age variable. The more times the page is accessed, the age variable is increased. A page that is old would be replaced since it has not been accessed in quite a long time. Linux kernel memory allocation manages the main memory page frames which allocates and deallocates frames for the virtual memory management. When the minimum amount of allocation is less than a page, Linux uses a slab allocation for these smaller chunks making the system more efficient. Windows memory manager is designed to use 4 to 64 Kbytes page sizes and controls how memory is allocated. On 32-bit systems, the Windows process  shows a 32-bit address which allows 4 Gbytes of virtual memory for each process which half is for the operating system and half is for the virtual address space when running in kernel-mode. With the introduction of 64-bit, systems can run more efficiently with larger memory intensive programs. Windows paging can make use of the entire space which can then be brought into the main memory. The operating system manages the address in three regions; available references the address not currently used, reserved for setting aside the process through the virtual memory manager, and committed address for processes to access virtual memory page. When virtual memory is high, the processes increase, and when they are low, older pages are swapped out. In conclusion, Windows and Linux have a few similarities. Both swaps out older pages that are no longer needed to improve the processes Window memory management is more secure and performance orientated, but is more complex. Linux is simpler and easier to maintain but is not secured due to being open sourced and need improvement. Linux was originated in a hacker’s environment while Windows is in a commercial environment. Windows has more effort through design and Linus was favored for simplicity. Each one has their own positives and negatives and the final decision is what system is he and she more comfortable with. References Stallings, W. (2012). Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (7th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Media Influences Our Beliefs and Attitudes

Media Influences Our Beliefs and Attitudes Time changed eras changed generation changed channels of communication changed but the way of receiving the information was same through out. Which is that one thing which has not changed? What is it, which we seek in television, radio, newspaper and now the Internet? The answer to all these questions is media and information. For information we only and only rely on media. We live in a mediated world we accept it or not but we are surrounded by media. Media has a kind of an image in the mind of an individual. This is because the communication is presented in a way that the mass audience likes it. Which can be explained by the hypodermic needle theory which media as a direct, immediate and a powerful effect on its audience. What are Media effects? Different researchers had a different viewpoint what they had to say about Media effects but there was no as such definition according to McQuil(1983) there are effects from the media ,though what precisely these effects are and the means by which they can be identified and measured has been the subject of extensive debate (p.175), (Lasswell 1948,emphasis in original ) Who Says What to whom in which channel and to what effect ? , Katz describe the history of communication theory which is swinging between active and passive audience between minimal and powerful effects(1980) Mc Guire noted several of the most commonly mentioned intended media effects which were listed as (a) the effect of advertising on purchasing (b) the effect of political campaigns on voting (b) the effect of public service announcements on personal behavior and social improvement (d) the effect of propaganda on ideology (e) the effects of media ritual on social control and the most commonly ones (f) the effect of media violence on aggressive behavior (g) the effect of erotic and sexual m aterial on attitudes and objectionable behavior(1986, cited in Elisabith M Perse ,p.1). Media impacts many facets of our daily lives and even contribute to our scene of personnel identity how we dress for work, sometimes the route we take for work, what we plan to do this weekend our general feeling of wellbeing or insecurity, the focus of the world beyond immediate experiences and our concerns about the issue of the day all are influenced by what we see in media news Maxwell McCobs and Sheldon Gilbert (1986). As it is not easy to accept in the same way it is not easy to argue as well that media has influence not only on an individual but also on the society, which we live in. What do mass communication actually do to us, both individually and collectively [society]? Lowery and DeFleur (1995 Quoted in Brian ONeil p.320) The study of media influence is important so that we can increase the understanding of the role media plays in shaping our lives, views and personal identity. It is because the media are central to our everyday lives that we must study them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as social and cultural as well and the political dimensions of the modern world Roger Silverstone (1999). The essay is going to include first the introduction, what are media effects? Secondly a brief history about media effects from the time of World War 1 till date, thirdly different ways in which media affects an individual with relevant effect theories, Scholarly research and examples of the same. Lastly to conclude with my viewpoint and the just of the scholars arguments. HISTORY Going back into the history there were three phases in which the effect tradition could be described how over the period of time medias relation with its audience changed with its changing effects. The first phase, called as powerful media started from World War 1 until the late 1930 was the time when media was known to have powerful effects on its audience it could change habits, opinions and viewpoints of the people. Which were mostly in the hands of the controllers Bauer and Bauer (1960 cited in Denis McQuail p.458). Then second phase which was called Testing media power now this phase was the time to put theoretical knowledge to test that was what people thought in phase one was that actually happening did media has its effect. A well stated example of this in the early 1930s research literature by the series of Payne fund studies in the United States Blumer,Blumer and Hauser,Petroson and Thurstone (1933). The main focus was children and young people how films as media influenced them? This era of media research last until the 1960s. The concentration was mainly on the films and the other types of media how they can be used for brainwashing and informing. Some of the examples of this are campaign, which was designed for the United Nations to improve on their public support Star and Hughes (1950 cited in Denis McQuail p.458). Investigating the capabilities of democratic election campaigns Lazarsfeld et al. (1944) and Berelson et al. (1954). As the time passed away the nature of research changed as there were new accepts which should be taken in account earlier the researchers saw the effects according to the social and psychological characters then later it went on to the intervening effects and lastly why people were listening to media, the purpose The end of this era was marked by the illusion which resulted in the this kind of media effect research (e.g. Berelson, 1959)(Denis McQuail). Klapper says that limited and minimum effects in the fear of brainwashing were seen to be over hyped and to form a opinion was a complex social process in which media played an integral part but not the complete role (1960). The third phase that was called Return of powerful media started in 1960 which started from the year 1960, which marks the return of the powerful media which is still there till today dealing with the effects and issue of media violence, functions of media in socialization diffusion and formation of ideology (McQuail 1983,p.178) Media had no effects or negligible effects this was the conclusion which was written in the text books which was challenged by researches who thought this was a made up story there were many evidences which could prove that media have social impact and could be used for exercising social and political power (for example, Lang and Lang, 1981;McGuire, 1973;McLeod et al., 1991) The evidence available by the end of 1950s,even when balanced against one of the negative findings, gives no justification for an overall verdict of media importance (1981:659)according to them the no effect imagination was not because of one factor but was a combination of different factors . The most highlighted one was short-term effect like the election tenor. One of the major reasons that contributed to unwillingness to accept minimal effects was the arrival of television in 1950s and 1960s as this was the new medium, which seems more powerful as it had visuals. The third phase was still looking for the potential effects according to the new concepts. The investigations that were done before relied on the model that the more exposure to media had more effects. Change in media power with change in time As we read in the history different phases of media power and how the power of media changes with the change in time. The main reason for the argument in the effects from the time of powerful -limited more powerful model is that the world was changing all this while Carey (1988 quoted in Denis Mc Quil , 2005,p.462). We cannot deny the fact that media are influential. There are many examples to explain this statement like impingement of communism in Europe or to international conflicts such as Gulf and Balkan wars of the 1990s and the Afghanistan and the Iraq wars that followed 9/11 (Denis McQuail 2005,p.463). It is only through media that people do know about such historic events as the time has changed probably people are more dependent on the media when information is concerned (Ball-Rokeach and DE Fleur, 1976;Ball-Rokeach, 1985; 1998,cited in Denis Mcquil 2005 p.463). When we look at television there is a huge difference in content and as a social experience from the 1950s to 19 80s (this was the time when first research took place) till now where the television experience has changed again. This clearly states that media is not constant it changes with time. The different models of media effects: (Perse, 2001:51) Direct: it is quite self-explanatory the effect is immediate, constant and observable its a short term effect which emphasis on change where media content is silent, awakening and truth. Conditional: It depends from person to person reinforcing of change in the thought process towards awareness and knowledge, emotional influence and behavioral it can be short term and long-term effect. Cumulative: it based one exposer to many thing not one in particular it is either cognitive or emotional in very few cases it is behavioral. It has a long lasting effect. The media content is accordant, re occurring and across channels. Cognitive transactional: the effect is immediate and short term it is based on a small exposure it s cognitive and effective; behavioral effects are possible. There are different theories, which explain and talk about the effects what sort of effects every theory looks into the media effects on its own prospective Short Term Effects: In the earlier times when we look into media research, the model, which strikes the mind, was simple stimulus response model that means media provided the agent and the response to it was change in opinion or something like this. This approach was not was not accepted. People dont react to anything immediately and if they do then media is not the only reason behind it , there are many other reason as well . Sometimes this approach was also know as the hypodermic needle /bullet effect this was basically as if some people were injected with some media information and they reply to it accordingly Graeme burton(2002). One of the famous example which is stated by the theorist for this theory is in the year 1939 the War Of The Worlds by H.G.Wells the broadcast of this science fiction created a panic amongst the people and this was purely the effect of the broadcast. On the contrary it is said that the circumstance in which the broadcast was herd this would not be sufficient to explain the affect of strong feeling or the judgment that was passed by an individual Brian ONeil (2011). The argument, which was given, was that psychological personality traits like self-conviction, religious beliefs and self-expectance these were the traits, which made an individual to believe what they were listening to Cantril(1940 ,cited in Brian ONeil,2011,p.324) . To add to this according to another theorist this incident was just being exaggerate Heyer(2005 cited in Brian ONeil,2011,p.324). On the contrary it is said that there is no such proof, which can Cleary demonstrate that media violence leads to violent behavior. If we look into the example of September 2000 where a 15-year-old boy from Florida was accused his abuse of his 8-year-old sister. He said he got this idea from seeing Jerry Springer Show when looked into the mater the statement made was false he was lying the show was totally blameless. Graeme Burton (2010) Two -step flow theory: The theory states that media influences us in two different phase. The first phase comprises individuals who pay lot of attention to media and it message and receive information from them the second phase comprises of opinion leaders, members of peer group family, friends people on whom we rely the most. We listen to what they want to say and not the media. If media influenced them then we would be influence indirectly Graeme Burton (2002). One of the important part of the work is to see how active or passive we are as receivers of the communication Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld (1955). Unlike the hypodermic needle theory this theory lacked on media effects it emphasis more on human agencies lowery and DeFleur . Uses and gratification theory: What do people do to the media(katz2006, p.xviii) The uses and gratification theory says that the audience is active. The theory explains that the audience consumes media to gratify or satisfy their own needs for information, entertainment, knowledge, personal identity and social definition Graeme burton(2002). Media message cannot influence a person who does not have any use of those messages consumed Katz (1959). Example: There were several examples, which state that there are some, or the other needs of an individual which are fulfilled by consuming media. Radio quiz programs and its listeners Satisfaction of watching a soap opera which need or gratification was obtained? (Herzog1940, 1944 quoted in Chris Newbolt, 1995,p.121) and why does one read newspaper? Was it for information, entertainment or to while away the time which need was fulfilled? (Berelson, 1949). All these experiments were done to state consumption of different kinds of media gave what kind of satisfaction or which need of the audience. Effects can be of different kinds/types and vary from person to person. Few of them are listed below: Attitude change: Media has the power of changing peoples way of thinking or looking at the world. This means they change the attitude towards a person or issues Graeme Burton (2002). Media is highly effective in creating attitudes on newly arisen or newly evoked issues(Joseph Klapper) Moral/Panic: Media have the effect of anxiety, fear, and anger about issues. Issues can be anything. These reactions are joint actions experienced by a group Denis Mc Quail (2005). Personal Response/Emotional Response: These reactions are basically unplanned and depend from individual to individual, taking an example of an anti aging cream people ignore the fact that the product is not appropriate because the skin cannot generate cells at a certain point in age (Graeme burton2002; Denis Mc Quail 2005). Some of the major issues on which media effects/influence research has been done are stated below: Children and Media: When a child is concerned it automatically becomes a special case when we talk about influence as it is assumes to be vulnerable. The impact of television on children Can lead to Violence One of the major concerns what parents have is impact of television violence on their children. The concern is that television has portrayals of violence throughout and children are affected by these portrayals more easily because they are at growing age they dont have the understanding. As this is not only the case with kids but similar reasons are given for adult violence as well John P.Murray(1993). There were many researchs done which concluded that media violence can lead to short term changes like attitude and behavior changes (bandura, D.Ross, S.Ross, 1961;berkowitz, 1962). Example: Murder of James Burgler in 1993 this was the influence of violence video over 2 school boys David Buckingham (2001) Another great research bobo doll experiment which concluded that children exposed to violent model were more likely to act aggressively than those who were not exposed to such situation Albert Bandura (1961). According to Ferguson this research was not related to child aggression but this research was motivated to please the adults (2010) Contrary to this research it is said that some children to whom television effect will not be good in a certain condition and some children to whom in some other condition the television effect would be good or to other kids in the same condition television effect will be different (Schramm;Lyle and Parker 1961,p.13). There have been many researchers, which stated the positive influence Friedrich, and Stein that viewing Master Roger did not have any impact on their behavior where as it widen their knowledge. A very strange result was noticed the children who watched Minster roger seemed to be more helpful they were likely to play more cooperatively with their peers. (1975 cited in Jerome Johnston James S.Ettema p.144). Affect education What or rather I should say who is it we blame if the child is not getting good marks? There are only 2 people who we tend to blame for our childrens performance one the school in which he/she studies or the teachers. So the blame game is totally on the school. But wait lets think on it once again is it really the teachers to be blamed? Teachers are doing the same job which they use to do 10-12 years ago something is there, which is different? What is that something? The answer is Television. The current estimate states that a child spends twice the time in watching television than in the classroom studying. It is very surprising to see that it is 22,000 hours of television is consumed before a child passes his/her high school Don Oldenburg (1992). Heavy viewing of television by kids show lower information, lower knowledge, lower concentration lower reading ability it lead to aggressive behavior as compared to the kids watching less television (Jerome L. Singer, n.d). On the contrary it was said that studies found out that there was no as such evidence which proved that watching television had negative effects like lower concentration and less reading ability and things like that (Neumanns, 1991 cited David Gauntlett in 2005). The Recent statistics In the year 2008 there was survey done Dr. Tanya Byron where the question was about the effects. Result of the survey was that 83% of the parents thought that watching TV was entertaining followed by education 58% and relaxation 53% and only 4 % said it was dangerous. Parents also felt that there child had gained an expended imagination 63% and increase in vocabulary and over two fifth said that their child had developed 28% said that it was used as a kind of activity. So this shows the television effects were positive according to the parents. There was no kind of violence seen or a negative effect was observed (2008 p.8). There has been no perfect evidence which proves that media is the only cause of violence. But it can be said that media can lead to change in attitude and responses towards violence. This kind of a response could be because of 2 reason first media and the real life experiences. Media and the society As we know media plays an integral role in our lives. This media is the only medium of so many debates discussions like does television has any effects on our children? Does advertising influence us as consumers? Last but lot the least is violence because of media? A long list of question which because all this is a part of the society which we live in David Croteau and William Hoynes(2003). Thinking about the impact of media on the society is exhibited in the conventional history by the abound view of media being powerful and quite much effective on the powerless and passive audience which can be described by the Hypodermic Needle Model also called the Magic Bullet, it assumed that the media were so powerful that they could inject their messages as the name suggests hypodermic needle the needle is injected. The advertising messages were targeted as magic bullets. (Dennis and wartella1996, p.169) Katz and lazars Feld (1955) says, The image of the mass communication process entertained by the researchers had been one of the atomistic mass of millions of readers, listeners and movie goers prepared to receive the message; secondlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ every message was conceived of as a direct and powerful stimulus to action which will elicit immediate response Campaign and Advertising Campaign is basically used to affect the behavior of the public for their health of their safety. Campaign can be classified in two parts one is political campaign as the name suggests its agenda is politics (election, voting) and the other is public service campaign, which is in favor of public beneficial for them like (campaign on family planning, smoking and issues like aids). Campaigns reach to large amount of public there were a lot many researches done, which showed that there was a change in knowledge and attitude but no change was shown on the behavior David Gauntlett(2005). Political Campaign: These could always be traced back at the time of election as earlier said there were many research done to see weather political campaign has any effect on the voting patters of an individual. The two major studies which were done in this field first study was people choice 1940 elections of Ohio and the main reason behind these research was to find out that do people vote because of some influence? This research took place in 1932 just before the television came in as a medium of communication and radio was the medium at present. The result was that 8 % were actually converted 53% voted because of their own beliefs and understanding 14% were influenced to vote and lastly 25% had minimal effect, which was next to nothing. The findings of the research was that a) people are influence by peer group or opinion leaders people who they rely on trust like friends, family etc. b) There was not the same effect on every1 that is everyone responded to media in their own way c) it was not the campaign through which people got the information but through people Paul Lazerfield, Bernard Berelson Hazel Gandet(). The second one was called Unseeing eye 1972 elections between George MC Govern and Richard Nixon. The result was similar to the first one political campaigns had less effect on the people Thomas.E Pattreson Robert D.Mc.Clure() On the contrary Mc Combs and Shaw whose research was also into political communication and voting behavior and the research was done on US presidential election in 1968 where the research was on how newspaper, journalists and editors play a vital role in making the audience perceive political reality in their own way. The research ended with a conclusion, which was quite different from the earlier research that was the information which was given to the public didnt only make them aware about the issue of the political campaign but also made them think that this issue was important and will effect us only. So here the political campaign seemed to be quite effective (1972). Public service campaigns: these campaigns were basically for the wellbeing of an individuals who made the society. There were many research which were done on this criteria like did people reduced smoking or stopped smoking after seeing the PSA which talks about increased cancer risk due to smoking. One of the projects was called North krelia project a program whose main aim was to reduce heart diseases in Finland. There were 1.75 US billion dollars spent on this campaign and the result of this was that smoking declined amongst men by 34% and rate on women smoking went up slightly (Puska et al., 1985 cited in DAVID GAUNTLETT (2005). Another example is increasing population level the problems of developing countries social marketing approach was introduced, promotion of contraceptive pills and condoms Atkin Meichke(1989) .In Bangladesh the sales of condom graph saw a unbelievable rise in 1976 -10 million to 82 million in 1983 and India saw an increase of almost 400% and by 1984 these had almost doubled again to 200 million per year DAVID GAUNTLETT (2005).The research ended by saying that media is just an helper to influence where the messages are reinforced by verbal communication. We have seen that it created a positive sign in most of the experiments but still it cannot be correctly judged that campaign has any effect or not. Advertising Advertise which means to draw attention. Advertisement addresses us as shoppers or consumers rather than Citizens. The prime focus is that we are the potential buyers Lewis et al (2005).It is quite difficult to access the effect of advertising on an individual and society because advertising does not make an individual do something which one would not like to do , it just tries to change our behavior. Advertising can make product A look better than product B but if observed would be no difference as such and thus it influences our purchasing decision DAVID GAUNTLETT(2005). It is not just advertising which makes a person go and buy a product in the market gone are the days when people use to understand advertisements are ficious created by advertisers to sell their product now days consumers are exposed to advertisements day in day out the only factor which makes them but the product is top of mind recall that is by repetitiveness of the advertisement Rachel Eyre(2002). Another researcher says that advertisement is not only the factor for buying a product there is other factors like packaging and distribution which influences buying decision Schudson (1933). Where on the contrary leiss et al. (2005) says there could be many reasons why advertisements may not work. Example: 1980 coffee consumption feel at the time when expenditure on coffee advertisement was rising. 1985 coke fiasco when the audience did not accept the new taste Graeme Burton(2011). As said by all the researchers advertising does influence us but it is not the whole sole influencer behind our buying.

Major Internet Applications

Major Internet Applications It is traditionally the most significant and remains the most commonly employed. This illustrates the simple structure in which client processes cooperate with individual server process in separate host computers in order to access the shared resources those they mange. Servers may in twist be clients of other servers, as the figure indicates. For example, a web server is frequently a client of a local file server that manages the files in which the web pages are store. For the applications discussed in Exercise 2.1 state how the servers cooperate in providing a service. Web servers and most other Internet services are clients of the DNS service, which translate Internet Domain Names to network addresses. Also, search engines, which enable users to look up summary of information obtainable on web pages at site all over the Internet. A search engine is a web server that responds to client requests to search in its stored indexes and (concurrently) runs several web crawler tasks to build and update the indexes. What are the requirements for synchronization between these concurrent activities? What happen are the server tasks (respond to user queries) and the crawler tasks (making request to other web servers) are completely independent because there is small need to synchronize them and they may run concurrently. In reality, atypical search engine would normally include many concurrent threads of execution some serving its clients and others running web crawlers. The host computers used in peer-to-peer systems is often simply desktop computers in users offices of homes. What are the implications of this for the availability and security of any shared data objects tat they hold and to what extent can any weaknesses be overcome through the use of replication? List the types of local resource that are vulnerable to an attack by an untrusted program that is downloaded from a remote site and run in a local computer. Network communication the program might attempt to create sockets, connect to them, and send messages .Access to printers. It may also impersonate the user in various ways for example: sending receiving email Objects in the file system for example files, directories can be read/written/created/deleted using the rights of the local user who runs the program. Mobile agent is a running program (including both code and data) that movements from one computer to another in a network transport out a task on someones behalf, such as collect information, finally returning with the results. A mobile agent can make many invocations to local resources at each site it visits for example, access individual database entries. Give some examples of applications where the use of mobile code is beneficial. Applets one example of mobile code which means: the user running a browser selects a link to an applet whose code is stored on a web server so the code is downloaded to the browser and runs there Accessing services which mean: running code that can invoke their operations. What factors affect the responsiveness of an application that accesses shared data managed by a server? Describe remedies that are available and discuss their usefulness. When the client accesses a server, it makes an invocation of a process in a server running in a remote computer. These things that affect the responsiveness: Server overloaded, Latency in exchanging request and replies, Load on network. The use of reserve helps with all of the above problems. In fact client reserve reduces all of them. Proxy server reserve helps with duplication of the service also helps with the use of lightweight communication protocols helps with. Distinguish between buffering and caching. Buffering: a method for store data transmit from a sending process to a receiving process in local memory or disk storage until the receiving process is prepared to use it. For example, when reading data from a file or transmitting messages during a network, it is useful to handle it in huge blocks. The blocks are held in buffer storage in the receiving process memory space. The buffer is free when the data has been used by the process. Caching: a technique for optimizing access to isolated data objects by hold a copy of them in local memory or disk storage. Accesses to parts of the remote object are translated into accesses to the related parts of the local copy. Unlike buffering, the local copy may be retained as long as there is local memory obtainable to hold it. A cache management algorithm and a release policy are wanted to run the use of the memory allocated to the cache. Give some examples of faults in hardware and software that can/cannot be tolerated by the use of redundancy in a distributed system. To what extent does the use of redundancy in the appropriate cases make a system fault-tolerant? Hardware faults processors, disks, and network connections can use redundancy for example: run process on multiple computers, write to two disks, have two separate routes in the network available. Software bugs, crashes. Redundancy is not high-quality with bugs because they will be replicated. Replicated processes help with crashes which may be due to bugs in unrelated parts of the system. Retransmitted messages help with lost messages. Redundancy makes faults less likely to occur Consider a pair of processes X and Y that use the communication service B from Exercise 2.14 to communicate with one another. Suppose that X is a client and Y a server and that an invocation consists of a request message from X to Y (that carries out the request) followed by a reply message from Y to X. Describe the classes of failure that may be exhibited by an invocation. An invocation may suffer from the following failures: Crash failures: X or Y may crash. Therefore an invocation may suffer from crash failures. Omission failures: as SB suffers from omission failures the request or reply message may be lost. Describe possible occurrences of each of the main types of security threat (threats to processes, threats to communication channels, denial of service) that might occur in the Internet. Threats to processes: not including authentication of main and servers, a lot of threats exist. An enemy could access other users files or mailboxes. Threats to communication channels: IP spoofing sending requests to servers with a false source address.

Autism in Children Essay -- Disease/Disorders

Autism according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary is defined as â€Å"a variable developmental disorder that appears by age three and is characterized by impairment of the ability to form normal social relationships, to commutate with others, and by stereotyped behavior patterns.† Autism was believed to be a psychiatric or emotional illness, and doctors told mothers that they were the cause. They were wrong. The cause for autism is still a mystery, however, the facts remain that autism in children is on the rise. Erin Allday of the San Francisco Chronicle writes, â€Å"Environmental factors play a more important role in causing autism than previously assumed and, surprisingly, an even larger role than genetic.† There are theories based on that vaccines are at least a contributing factor, especially the MMR vaccine (WebMD). Medical diagnosis of autism is identified, on what is referred to as the Autistic Spectrum. A mild form of the condition include Asperger's syndro me. The effect of autism varies by the severity in symptoms, social skills and behavior. A diversity of symptoms can be associated with autism and will vary with each child. Autism seems to affect boys more than girls. The first signs of autism are shown within the first three years of life. As an infant, parents will notice that the child is distant and does not respond appropriately to their surroundings. Children with autism have a limited range of interests as activities and they have a very low tolerance for change in their environment or daily routine. They are dependent on everyday routines, and may have tantrums if things are out of place. They can be hyperactive, moving from place to place with no apparent purpose. Autistic children can become attached to a... ...n Francisco Chronicle 4 July 2011, San Francisco. Web. 8 July 2011. . "Autism." Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 11th ed. 2011. Web. 6 July 2011. . Autism Types, Signs, Therapies, Causes. Ed. Hirsch, David MD. WebMD, 3 Sept. 2009. Web. 4 July 2011. . McKinnon, K, and J Krempa. Social Skills Solutions. New York: DRL, 2002. 7-9. Print. Related Conditions. Autism-Society, 25 Jan. 2008. Web. 5 July 2011. . Scanion, Anna. "Adaptive Behavior Modification for Autistic Children." Connect Ed. Walden University, 2010. Web. 11 July 2011. .

Writing Persuasive or Argumentative Essays :: Writing an Essay

In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something. Persuasive writing is often used in advertisements to get the reader to buy a product. It is also used in essays and other types of writing to get the reader to accept a point of view. In order to convince the reader you need more than opinion; you need facts or examples to back your opinion. So, be sure to do the research! Persuasive writing follows a particular format. It has an introduction, a body where the argument is developed, and a conclusion. After writing an essay, like any other piece of writing, you should read, revise, conference and revise, before publishing the final product. Before starting, check the rubric to see how you will be evaluated, as well as, all the ingredients required to write the essay. Introduction The introduction has a "hook or grabber" to catch the reader's attention. Some "grabbers" include: 1. Opening with an unusual detail: (Manitoba, because of its cold climate, is not thought of as a great place to be a reptile. Actually, it has the largest seasonal congregation of garter snakes in the world!) 2. Opening with a strong statement: (Cigarettes are the number one cause of lighter sales in Canada!) 3. Opening with a Quotation: (Elbert Hubbard once said , "Truth is stronger than fiction.") 4. Opening with an Anecdote: An anecdote can provide an amusing and attention-getting opening if it is short and to the point. 5. Opening with a Statistic or Fact: Sometimes a statistic or fact will add emphasis or interest to your topic. It may be wise to include the item's authoritative source. 6. Opening with a Question. (Have you ever considered how many books we'd read if it were not for television?) 7. Opening with an Exaggeration or Outrageous Statement. (The whole world watched as the comet flew overhead.) The introduction should also include a thesis or focus statement. There are three objectives of a thesis statement: 1. It tells the reader the specific topic of your essay. 2. It imposes manageable limits on that topic. 3. It suggests the organization of your paper. Through the thesis, you should say to the reader:

Relationship between Science and Religion Essay

The article â€Å"Relationship between Science and Religion† outlined the different relationships that the said two domains have had over the years. Historically, religion and science were viewed as strictly separate fields that could not be unified. This view is more popularly known as the conflict thesis . On the other hand, Stephen Jay Gould (1999, quoted in Wikipedia 2007) stated that the two fields could â€Å"co-exist peacefully† if they do not intervene with each other’s business. The article also enumerated different kinds of interactions between the two as presented by Polkinghorne (1998, quoted in Wikipedia 2007). Aside from the constant opposing views regarding the natural world or reality, Polkinghorne illustrated that religion and science may reach a common ground or may even be united with regard to a particular occurrence. After this, the article then went on discussing the early efforts of some religious groups to complement their doctrines with scientific facts. But of course, there were groups, particularly Islam that resisted the proliferation of science in what they believe as sectarian-dominated world. Inevitably, with the advancement of science and fast modernization of societies, there were new groups formed embodying beliefs apart from the fundamentalist view of religion. These groups range from the liberal Enlightenment advocates to non-fundamentalist sects such as Protestant Christian. There were even organizations formed that are not religiously affiliated but perform functions congruent to what religion usually does. Though there were new groups organized, some religion, which date back to ancient times claim that their dogma is capable in adjusting with scientific advancement and this has been actually used by them to explain their own theories toward the strengthening of their own beliefs. The last parts of the article list the varied point of views of scientists toward religion. Some view that religion and science are distinct from each other while others believe that the two could be unified. Others simply believe that the two fields share the same objectives in trying to provide explanation of the happenings in the environment they live in. And also, since religious beliefs are part of cosmos, they can be scientifically tested. Lastly, the article presented studies and findings on relevant issues being tackled. Since the article is not argumentative in nature, it is difficult to determine fallacious statements. The article did not clearly propose or suggest anything nor did it draw any conclusion. It was presented in a seemingly objective manner. I used the words â€Å"seemingly objective† because if one read the paper, it would be observed that the relationship between religion and science were clearly outlined without favoring any of the items. However, as one analyzed the pattern on how the article was written, the biases would be realized. The article enumerated four kinds of interaction between religion and science. However, as the article progresses, only the CONFLICT and INDEPENDENCE kinds of interaction were substantiated. The paper presented early efforts and manifestations of well-established, if not ancient, religious denominations to reconcile the two fields but it failed to elaborate on this matter. The article could have cited instances, findings or any on-going research wherein the two subject matters were integrated. Instead, the article highlighted some points in history when scientific advancements were sanctioned by religious authorities. Moreover, as if strengthening the idea that religion and science are irreconcilable, the article pointed out the formation of non-religious organizations. Though the article presented the â€Å"non-fundamentalist relationship views†, it fell short in showing that the sectarian side is attempting to make a world where they are both accommodated. For example, aside from mentioning the non-sectarian groups, it could have also stated some religious institutions that support scientific and technological development. The second bias that allude to the favoring of the separation of the two domains are the surveys showing that a higher percentage of scientists do not believe in any religious systems. How about presenting data on spiritual leaders who also uphold basic principles of science? Lastly, towards the end of the article, it showed findings on the â€Å"correlation between religiosity and intelligence†. Though this study didn’t categorically stated that those who observe holy practices and those who are strict believers of religious doctrines have low serotonin levels, it seems to create the stigma. If this line of thinking were continuously propagated, many would be discouraged to associate themselves with any religious beliefs. All the biases lean towards the implication that efforts to settle the differences between religion and science should be abandoned. This is what makes the article problematic. At first, the writing tried to present the relationship between the two in an objective way. But it failed because biases were evident. If the author had really wanted his output to be presented objectively, he should have shown the two sides of the coin. For example, he asserted the aggressive progression of science but mentioned only historic accounts on the side of religion. Also, he cited a list of studies disputing the validity of religious co-existence with science, but he again failed to mention the side of religion. Is religion also trying to draw a clear line against science or is it accepting the recent wonders of the latter? Since the author failed to be impartial in writing the article, he should have instead taken a clear-cut position on the issue so readers would be guided in the direction he’s driving at. Bibliography Greene, Perry (1997) Logical Fallacies [Internet], Available from: [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Johnson, George (1998) Science and Religion: Bridging the Great Divide. The New York Times Archives, [Internet], June 30, 1998 Available from: [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Raymo, Chet (1998) Skeptics and True Believers: The Exhilarating Connection Between Science and Religion. New York, Walker and Company. Relationship Between Religion and Science (2007) [Internet]. Available from: < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science#_note-3> [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Shelp, Earl Edward ed. (1985) Theology & Bioethics Exploring the Foundations & Frontiers II Series. Holland, D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Gender role Essay

Falling Angels is a trip the jobless fantastic toe choreographed by Jiri Kylian and is accompanied by the song Drumming from Steve Reiches. The relationship between the music and the move is fully represented in sections throughout the piece. Kylian finished the dance in 1989 which is a period when there was a commixture of music and freedom within the move workforcet of dance. Falling Angels is performed by octad women dancing to rhythmic drumming. Women in that period of fourth dimension had stepped forward in their position of power and were equal to men in the economy, this may have been a reason Kylian chose alone female dancers. Kylians composition expresses emotions through movement which connects to the reference and creates an understanding of the messages being portrayed. These messages that women had gained equality were portrayed through the employment of dynamics and motifs as well as sharp and percussive movements. Is it possible for Angels to fall? Jiri Kylian’s work Falling Angels raises many controversies about the interpretation of its steps and movements. Some employ a feminist frame of analysis, and the role women portrayed in the twentieth century of western culture. Others believe it to have no underlying significance or meaning other than the beauty of the movement. This research will demonstrate that Falling Angels reflects the female role in the twentieth century of western culture. This study will analyze Jiri Kylian’s understanding of women, and how they were depicted during the late twentieth century. It will be determined that Falling Angels reveals Kylian’s view of women through the medium of dance as informed by surrealism and minimalism. In the choreography, his choices of surrealism and minimalism help portray his understanding of women. These choreographic choices communicate Jiri Kylian’s underlying message and inspiration for the work of art. By studying Jiri Kylian and his meaningful decisions, the true intent of his work unveils, and the question if Angels can truly fall will be revealed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the choreographic elements of surrealism and minimalism in Jiri Kylian’s Falling Angels, and describe how these elements influenced the choreography to depict the female role in the twentieth century of western culture. The beginning of Falling Angels is a period of silence during which eight women walk from the shadows of upstage into scattered positions in front of the audience. They correspond calmness and composure adding a sense of a kinesthetic awareness within the dancers as they slowly advance A short, invariable drum beat made by the stick tapping on a bongo drum begins and the dancers respond by fish fillet in turns and performing a single flapping motion to poise themselves in isolated areas inside individual light spots shaped like squares. The flapping is controlled and could be understand as a symbol representing the movement of an angel, hence the cognomen of the dance. The setting of the stage involves black curtains and bright lights focusing on the centre of the stage. It compliments the tight black leotards and skin biased flats that the women are wearing and also focuses on the features of the womens torsos and faces. The movements in this section are non-locomotor and comprised of changes in dynamics. Motifs such as the gestures of flapping, tingle and lunging then swaying.